日本恶臭排放标准体系研究及对中国的借鉴

日本是世界上第一个对恶臭防治进行立法的国家,经过50多年的发展,日本形成了以“ 22种特定恶臭物质”和“臭气指数”为管控指标的恶臭排放标准体系,对产生恶臭企业的厂界、排气筒和外排水进行排放管控。本文着重介绍两类管控指标在三个管控点位排放标准的制定依据和计算方法,这是日本恶臭排放标准体系精细化程度高、基础研究扎实的具体体现,对我国的标准制定和恶臭基础研究具有很强的借鉴意义。日本以“不引起周边居民反感”的臭气强度范围2.5 ～ 3.5作为厂界排放标准限值制定依据,通过对特定恶臭物质/臭气指数与臭气强度的关系研究,制定厂界排放标准范围,并且规定市区町村根据地区自然和社会条件,因地制宜制定地方标准。日本排气筒排放限值依据厂界限值通过模型计算得到,受地形、天气等因素影响,一厂一标准。臭气指数的外排水标准通过厂界限值计算得到,特定恶臭物质的外排水标准限值通过研究恶臭物质在水和大气中的影响关系得到。我国国标制定了排放标准的下限,各省（区、市）在国标基础上制定了更为严格的排放标准。日本1313个市区町村在国法的范围内制定了地方标准,而我国的恶臭地方标准非常少。我国同时执行8项特定恶臭物质和臭气浓度标准,并规定了厂界和排气筒的排放限值,相较于日本每个排气筒的限值都是经过计算得出,我国需要加强恶臭污染扩散模型基础研究,提高排放标准精细化程度。     

北京市北运河水系底栖动物群落与水环境驱动因子的关系及水生态健康评价

底栖动物可反映多种生态威胁对水环境的积累效应,与河流水生态系统健康状态密切相关.本研究以北京市典型流域北运河流域为例,基于2015年夏季野外采样调查34个站点水生态数据,对底栖动物群落特征进行分析,采用典型对应分析筛选得到水质驱动因子,利用临界点指示类群分析方法探究关键影响因子的指示物种及其阈值,并基于底栖动物完整性指...     

财政分权与环境治理——基于动态视角的理论和实证分析

基于动态视角,对财政分权与环境治理的关系进行理论分析,提出研究假说,并利用1997—2016年的省级面板数据,对两者的关系进行实证检验。理论研究认为:财政分权在不同的经济发展阶段对环境治理的影响不同。当经济发展水平较低时,财政分权对环境治理的影响以负向的替代效应为主,财政分权不利于环境治理;而当经济发展水平较高时,财政分权对环境治理的影响以正向的收入效应为主,财政分权有利于环境治理。实证研究表明:①在样本时期内,整体而言,我国的财政分权不利于环境治理。该结论在通过模型设定、指标选取以及内生性控制等检验后,仍然成立。②随着经济发展水平的不断提高,财政分权对环境治理的负向效应不断减弱。③面板门槛模型的结果表明,当人均GDP达到3.123万元时,财政分权对环境治理的影响才有可能出现拐点。若以环境污染治理投资总额和行政处罚案件数作为被解释变量时,人均GDP分别要达到4.379万元和6.276万元时,拐点才有可能出现。以上发现的政策启示在于:一方面,尽管现阶段我国的财政分权对环境治理存在负向影响,但是这种负向影响仅是阶段性的,不能因为这种阶段性特征,而否定财政分权制度本身;另一方面,由于我国大部分地区仍处在经济发展的中等收入阶段,为了缓解财政分权的负向效应,可能还需要中央政府进行适当的干预以消除地方政府在环境治理方面的扭曲。     

Analysis of motorcycle accidents using association rule mining-based framework with parameter optimization and GIS technology

IntroductionAnalyzing key factors of motorcycle accidents is an effective method to reduce fatalities and improve road safety. Association Rule Mining (ARM) is an efficient data mining method to identify critical factors associated with injury severity. However, the existing studies have some limitations in applying ARM: (a) Most studies determined parameter thresholds of ARM subjectively, which lacks objectiveness and efficiency; (b) Most studies only listed rules with high parameter thresholds, while lacking in-depth analysis of multiple-item rules. Besides, the existing studies seldom conducted a spatial analysis of motorcycle accidents, which can provide intuitive suggestions for policymakers. Method: To address these limitations, this study proposes an ARM-based framework to identify critical factors related to motorcycle injury severity. A method for parameter optimization is proposed to objectively determine parameter thresholds in ARM. A method of factor extraction is proposed to identify individual key factors from 2-item rules and boosting factors from multiple-item rules. Geographic information system (GIS) is adopted to explore the spatial relationship between key factors and motorcycle injury severity. Results and conclusions: The framework is applied to a case study of motorcycle accidents in Victoria, Australia. Fifteen attributes are selected after data preprocessing. 0.03 and 0.7 are determined as the best thresholds of support and confidence in ARM. Five individual key factors and four boosting factors are identified to be related to fatal injury. Spatial analysis is conducted by GIS to present hot spots of motorcycle accidents. The proposed framework has been validated to have better performance on parameter optimization and rule analysis in ARM. Practical applications: The hot spots of motorcycle accidents related to fatal factors are presented in GIS maps. Policymakers can refer to those maps straightforwardly when decision making. This framework can be applied to various kinds of traffic accidents to improve the performance of severity analysis.     

Development of inherent safety and health index for formulated product design

The numerous formulated products which are introduced to the market consist of chemical ingredients that may cause various safety and health hazards to the consumers. Therefore, it is extremely important to practice a systematic methodology to formulate products with acceptable safety and health performances. This work presents an index-based methodology to assess the safety and health hazards of the ingredients during the early formulation stage of product design. Hence, new inherent safety and health sub-indexes are introduced to improve the current safety and health hazards that are needed in formulated product design. The inherent safety and health sub-indexes are assigned with scores based on the degree of potential hazards. A higher score indicates a higher safety risk or severe health effect, and vice versa. The proposed methodology will greatly assist the users to identify the adverse safety and health effects caused by the ingredients. Hence, it is pivotal to eliminate or reduce the safety and health impacts from product usage. A case study on common ingredients used in the formulation of paint is presented on this study to describe the proposed method.     

SENSORY RESEARCH FOR THE ESTABLISHMENT OF SECONDARY MAXIMUM CONTAMINANT LEVELS1

ABSTRACT: Individuals naturally engage in sensory evaluation of water quality during daily consumption. Efforts to ensure that all consumers receive high quality water must attend to sensory evaluation; otherwise individuals can obtain repeated evidence of compromised quality that reduces confidence in public purveyors and regulating agencies. Sensory quality is currently regulated by the United States Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) by promulgation of secondary maximum contaminant levels (SMCLs) governing taste and odor in drinking water. Efforts to establish new SMCLs for identified organic contaminants has been thwarted by a lack of research data even though standardized methods for sensory evaluation presently exist. The present paper recommends a broad based national research program designed to produce odor detection thresholds, flavor detection thresholds, flavor acceptability functions, flavor recognition thresholds, and flavor intensity functions for each current contaminant of concern which will provide a substantial basis for the desired SMCLs, and offer an unprecedented comparative evaluation of currently standardized sensory evaluation procedures.     

Ecolo除臭剂对NH_3及H_2S去除应用试验研究

介绍了天然植物除臭剂在食品加工过程中除臭性能的试验。该除臭剂为多种天然植物的提取液,含有反应活性很高的功能团化合物和萜类化合物。氨基醇与硫化物分子进行碰撞时刻氧化负二价的硫。产生氨基醇硫化物,进一步分解为硫酸根离子。除臭剂分子中羰基与氨反应生成路易斯碱。因此能有效的去除硫化氢及氨,除臭效果良好。实验结果显示在一定条件下,硫化氢和氨去除率达到99%以上。     

Subjective annoyance caused by indoor low-level and low frequency noise and control method

IntroductionItwasbelievedthatonlyhigh_levelnoisecouldcausenoisepollution.Theinfluenceoflow_levelnoisehasnotbeenwidelynoticed.Thisresearchdiscoveredthatundercertainconditionsthelow_levelnoise,especiallylowfrequencynoise,mayevencausehigherannoyanceresponse.…     

沈阳市卫工河黑臭现象分析

分析了导致卫工河黑臭的几个主要原因 :有机污染负荷大 ;河流底泥污染 ;水体热污染及其它因素。提出了综合治理卫工河的技术路线。     

中国土地可持续利用指标体系的理论与方法

制定土地资源可持续性指标体系是《21世纪议程》中对各国提出的科学技术优先研究领域 ,国土资源部已开始了该研究项目。论文就此对中国土地资源可持续利用指标体系的理论与方法从整体上进行了探讨。首先回顾了国内外土地可持续利用研究的进展 ,分析归纳了国外可持续发展指标体系研究状况及可借鉴之处 ;指出在土地可持续利用指标与评价的研究中 ,必须从3个方面开展深入探讨。第一是土地利用分区及制定区域性土地可持续利用指标体系 ;第二是研究制定主要土地利用系统可持续利用指标体系及其阈值 ;第三是研究制定典型区域(以县域为单位)土地可持续利用指标体系及其阈值。只有把3个方面的研究有机融合起来 ,互相反馈 ,互为依存 ,才能保证土地可持续利用指标体系的科学性、系统性和实用性。